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ost-Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ arụnyere ụlọ Aluminom na ígwè na mkpa ha taa
1. ndabere
Na mmalite nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ (WW II), nwe ụlọ agbadala na 43.6% na 1940, nke ka ukwuu n'ihi oke ịda mbà n'obi na akụ na ụba US na-adịghị ike na njedebe ya.N'oge WW II, War Production Board nyere iwu nchekwa L-41 na 9 Eprel 1942, na-etinye ihe owuwu niile n'okpuru njikwa siri ike.Iwu ahụ mere ka ọ dị mkpa ka ndị na-ewu ụlọ nweta ikike n'aka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Agha ka ịmalite ịrụ ụlọ na-eri ihe karịrị ọnụ ụzọ ụfọdụ n'oge ọnwa 12 ọ bụla na-aga n'ihu.Maka ihe owuwu ebe obibi, oke ahụ bụ $500, yana oke oke maka azụmahịa na ịrụ ọrụ ugbo.Mmetụta nke ihe ndị a na ụlọ obibi US n'etiti 1921 na 1945 pụtara ìhè na chaatị na-esonụ, nke na-egosi nrịgo dị elu n'oge oké ịda mbà n'obi na ọzọ mgbe e nyere Order L-41.
Isi mmalite: "Mwube na Agha Afọ - 1942-45,"
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ nke US, Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke 915
Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke WW II, US nwere atụmatụ ndị agha nde 7.6 na mba ofesi.The War Production Board wepụrụ L-41 na 15 October 1945, ọnwa ise ka VE (Victory in Europe) ụbọchị na 8 May 1945 na izu isii ka WW II kwụsịrị mgbe Japan nyefere n'ụzọ nkịtị na 2 September 1945. N'ime ọnwa ise kemgbe VE ụbọchị. , ihe dị ka nde ndị agha atọ alaghachilarị US.Mgbe agha ahụ biri, US chere nloghachi nke ọtụtụ nde ndị agha agha agha ihu na-abịanụ.Ọtụtụ n'ime nnukwu ìgwè ndị agha agha agha ga-achọ ịzụrụ ụlọ n'ahịa ụlọ ndị na-akwadoghị maka ọbịbịa ha.N'ime obere oge nke otu afọ ka ewepụrụ Order L-41, ọnụ ahịa mmefu ụlọ nkeonwe mụbara okpukpu ise kwa ọnwa.Nke a bụ naanị mmalite nke mmụba ụlọ mgbe agha gasịrị na US.
Na March 1946Sayensị ewu ewuisiokwu ya bụ “Stopgap Housing,” onye edemede ahụ, Hartley Howe, kwuru, sị, “Ọ bụrụgodị na a na-ewu ụlọ 1,200,000 na-adịgide adịgide kwa afọ – na United States enwebeghịkwa iwu ọbụna 1,000,000 n’otu afọ—ọ ga-abụ afọ 10 tupu ihe nile. a na-edobe obodo nke ọma.N'ihi ya, ụlọ nwa oge dị mkpa iji kwụsị ọdịiche ahụ. "Iji nye ụfọdụ enyemaka ozugbo, Gọọmenti Etiti wetara ọtụtụ puku agha njupụta ígwè Quonset ụlọ maka ụlọ ndị nkịtị nwa oge.
N'ịbụ ndị na-eche ihe ịma aka dị iche ihu n'oge agha gasịrị, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ oge agha ebibiri ma ọ bụ kagbuo nkwekọrịta ha na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.Site na mbelata nke mmepụta agha, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu US chọrọ ohere ndị ọzọ maka iji aluminom, nchara na ahụmịhe imepụta plastik ha na akụ na ụba agha mgbe agha gasịrị.
2. Post-WW II prefab aluminum na ígwè ụlọ na US
Na mbipụta 2 Septemba 1946 nkeAkụkọ ụgbọ elumagazin, e nwere otu isiokwu isiokwu ya bụ “Ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ga-eme ụlọ aluminom maka ndị agha agha,” nke kọrọ ihe ndị a:
- "A na-atụ anya n'oge na-adịghị anya ndị na-emepụta ụgbọ elu abụọ na ọkara ga-esonye na mmemme ụlọ arụpụtara nke gọọmentị."
- "Ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ga-etinye uche na FHA (Federal Housing Administration) atụmatụ akwadoro na aluminom na nchikota ya na plywood na mkpuchi, ebe ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ga-ewu prefabs na ígwè na ihe ndị ọzọ.A ga-enye ndị na-emepụta ihe eji eme ihe. "
- “Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ aluminom niile nwere oke agha ka ejirila rụọ ụlọ na siding n'ọrụ ụlọ ngwa ngwa;ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke ọ bụla fọdụrụ maka mmemme mmalite.Nlekọta mmepụta nke ndị nkịtị anatala site na nkọwa FHA maka mpempe akwụkwọ aluminom na ihe ndị ọzọ a ga-emepụta, ikekwe n'okpuru ihe ndị ka mkpa.Ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ aluminom maka prefabs ga-abụ nlele 12 ruo 20 - .019 - .051 inch."
N'October 1946.Akụkọ ụgbọ eluMagazin kọrọ, sị: “Ọgụ a na-eyi egwu nke aluminom maka ụlọ, maka ụgbọ elu na ọtụtụ ngwaahịa mgbe agha gasịrị na 1947 abụghị nke National Housing Agency ejighị ya kpọrọ ihe, bụ́ nke ya na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu na-ekwurịta okwu iji wuo ụlọ ndị a na-arụzi aluminum panel na ọnụ ọgụgụ kwa afọ dị elu. . mmepụta nke ụlọ na 1947, ọ bụrụ na ha bịaruo nso izute NHA atụmatụ, ga-adị ukwuu karịa mmepụta ụgbọ elu ha, ugbu a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ na-erughị $ 1 ijeri maka 1946. "
N'ọgwụgwụ 1946, FHA Administrator, Wilson Wyatt, tụrụ aro na War Assets Administration (WAA), bụ nke e kere na January 1946 iji tụfuo ihe onwunwe na ihe ndị gọọmenti nwere, na-egbochi obere ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu site na mgbazinye ma ọ bụ ire ma nye ụgbọ elu. ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ahọrọ ịnweta ụlọ mmepụta ihe n'oge agha nke enwere ike ịtụgharị maka mmepụta ọtụtụ ụlọ.Ndị WAA kwetara.
N'okpuru mmemme gọọmentị, a ga-echebe ndị na-emepụta ụlọ prefab n'ụzọ ego site na nkwa FHA iji kpuchie 90% nke ọnụ ahịa, gụnyere nkwa nke Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) kwere ịzụta ụlọ ọ bụla anaghị ere.
Ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ụgbọ elu nwere mkparịta ụka mbụ na FHA, gụnyere: Douglas, McDonnell, Martin, Bell, Fairchild, Curtis-Wright, Consolidated-Vultee, North America, Goodyear na Ryan.Boeing abanyeghị na mkparịta ụka ndị ahụ na Douglas, McDonnell na Ryan si n'oge pụta.N'ikpeazụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ụgbọ elu adịghị njikere itinye onwe ha na mmemme ụlọ nke prefab nke agha gasịrị, karịsịa n'ihi nchegbu ha na-akpaghasị akụrụngwa ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ha dị ugbu a dabere na atụmatụ ahịa na-ejighị n'aka nke nha na ogologo oge nke ahịa ụlọ prefab na enweghị nkwekọrịta kpọmkwem. Atụmatụ sitere na FHA na NHA.
Azụmahịa mbụ maka ụlọ aluminom na ígwè ndị a rụchara tupu agha ahụ bụ na a pụrụ ịrụpụta ha ngwa ngwa n'ọtụtụ buru ibu ma ree ya nke ọma na ọnụ ahịa na-erughị ụlọ ndị e ji osisi rụọ.Ọzọkwa, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ụgbọ elu weghachiri ụfọdụ olu ọrụ furu efu mgbe WW II kwụsịrị ma chebe ha pụọ na ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe ize ndụ ego ha na mmepụta ụlọ mbụ.
Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na ndị ọrụ ụlọ na ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe owuwu megidere usoro ihe omume a iji wuo ụlọ ndị a rụchara arụcha n'ụlọ mmepụta ihe, ebe ọ bụ na nke a ga-ewepụ azụmahịa n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu.N'ọtụtụ obodo, ndị ọrụ agaghị ekwe ka ndị òtù ha rụnye ihe ndị a rụchara arụ ọrụ.Ihe ndị ọzọ na-agbagwojuru anya, usoro iwu ụlọ na ihe ndị e ji arụ ọrụ n'ime ime obodo adabaghị na nnukwu ụlọ ndị a rụpụtara n'ọtụtụ buru ibu, ndị a rụchara arụcha.
Atụmanya nwere nchekwube maka nrụpụta na iwulite ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke aluminom na ụlọ nchara arụgoro na post-WW II USA emezubeghị.Kama imepụta ọtụtụ narị puku ụlọ kwa afọ, ndị na-emepụta US ise na-emepụta ihe na-erughị ụlọ ọhụrụ 2,600 aluminom na ígwè arụpụtara n'ime afọ iri na-eso WW II: Beech Aircraft, Lincoln Houses Corp., Consolidated-Vultee, Lustron Corp. na Ụlọ ọrụ Aluminom nke America (Alcoa).N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị na-ebu ụzọ na-enye ụlọ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ngụkọta nke 37,200 na 1946 na 37,400 na 1947. Achọ ahịa ahịa dị n'ebe ahụ, ma ọ bụghị maka ụlọ ndị a rụchara aluminom na ígwè.
US post-WW II prefabricated aluminum na ígwè ụlọ
Ndị na-emepụta US a ekereghị òkè dị ukwuu n'inyere aka dozie ụkọ ụlọ mgbe WW II gasịrị.Ka o sina dị, ụlọ ndị a aluminom na ígwè ka na-eguzo dị ka ihe atụ dị mkpa nke ụlọ dị ọnụ ala nke, n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị mma karị, enwere ike ịmepụta ya ọbụna taa iji nyere aka dozie ụkọ na-adịghị ala ala nke ụlọ dị ọnụ ala n'ọtụtụ obodo mepere emepe na mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ na US.
Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị US na-achọ ụlọ mgbe WW II nwere oghere nkwụsị, ụlọ nwa oge na-eji ihe ebum n'obi emeghachi ya, nnukwu ụlọ Quonset n'oge agha, ogige ndị agha, ebe obibi ezinaụlọ nwa oge nke ọkụ, nkeji ebe nchekwa, ụgbọala na-adọkpụ, na "ụlọ ndị a na-ebuli elu. ,” bụ́ ndị e mere ka a chịkọtawa, bugharịa ma chịkọtaghachi n’ebe ọ bụla ọ dị mkpa.Ị nwere ike ịgụtakwu gbasara ụlọ nkwụsị nkwụsị nke post-WW II na US na Hartley Howe's March 1946 akụkọ na Sayensị Na-ewu ewu (lee njikọ dị n'okpuru).
Ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu gbagoro ngwa ngwa ka WW II gachara iji nyere aka gboo mkpa ụlọ na ụlọ ndị a na-ewu ewu, ebe a na-ewu ọtụtụ na traktị ụlọ buru ibu na mpaghara ime obodo na-agbasa ngwa ngwa.N'etiti 1945 na 1952, ndị Veterans Administration kọrọ na ọ kwadoro ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde 24 n'ụlọ maka ndị agha WW II.Ndị agha agha a nyere aka kwalite nwe ụlọ US site na 43.6% na 1940 ruo 62% na 1960.
Ulo abuo nke emere ka alumini na igwe nchara ka eweghachighachitere WW II US ma na-egosi n'ihu ọha n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị a:
- Naanị ụlọ Dymaxion fọdụrụnụ bụ ihe ngosi na Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation na Dearborn, Michigan.Njikọ na ihe ngosi ahụ bụ ebe a:https://www.thehenryford.org/visit/henry-ford-museum/exhibits/dymaxion-house/
- Lustron #549, ihe ngosi Westchester Deluxe 02, bụ ihe ngosi na Ohio History Center Museum na Columbus, Ohio.Weebụsaịtị ihe ngosi nka dị ebe a:https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/exhibits/ohio-history-center-exhibits
Na mgbakwunye, ị nwere ike ịga leta ọtụtụ ụlọ WW II Quonset na Seabees Museum na Memorial Park na North Kingstown, Rhode Island.Ọ nweghị nke yigharịrị ka ụlọ ndị nkịtị mgbe WW II gasịrị.Weebụsaịtị ihe ngosi nka dị ebe a:https://www.seabeesmuseum.com
Ị ga-ahụ ozi ndị ọzọ n'ime akụkọ m gbasara ụlọ aluminom na ígwè arụpụtara nke ọma na US post-WW II na njikọ ndị a:
- Ụlọ ndị Quonset nwere nnukwu agha:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Quonset-huts-converted.pdf
- Beech Aircraft & R. Buckminster Fuller's aluminum Dymaxion ụlọ:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Beech-Aircraft-Buckminster-Fuller-Dymaxion-house-converted.pdf
- Ụlọ panel nke Lincoln Houses Corp:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Lincoln-Houses-Corp-aluminum-panel-house-converted.pdf
- Ụlọ panel nke aluminom nke Vultee gbakọtara:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Consolidated-Vultee-aluminum-panel-Fleet-House-converted.pdf
- Ụlọ ọrụ Lustron Corporation:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Lustron-Corporation-steel-house-converted.pdf
- Ụlọ aluminom na-enweghị nlekọta Alcoa:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Alcoa-aluminum-Care-Free-Home-converted.pdf
3. Post-WW II prefab aluminum na ígwè ụlọ na UK
Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke WW II na Europe (VE Day bụ 8 May 1945), UK chere nnukwu ụkọ ụlọ ihu ka ndị agha ha laghachiri n'ụlọ nke ihe dị ka ụlọ 450,000 funahụrụ n'oge agha.
Na 26 Maachị 1944, Winston Churchill kwuru okwu dị mkpa na-ekwe nkwa na UK ga-arụ ụlọ 500,000 emebere nke ọma iji dozie ụkọ ụlọ na-abịa.Mgbe e mesịrị n'ime afọ ahụ, nzuko omeiwu gafere Iwu Ụlọ (Ụlọ obibi nwa oge), 1944, na-ebo Ministry of Reconstruction na-emepe emepe ngwọta maka ụkọ ụlọ na-abịanụ ma na-ebuga 300,000 nkeji n'ime afọ 10, na mmefu ego nke £ 150 nde.
Iwu ahụ nyere ọtụtụ atụmatụ, gụnyere iwu ụlọ nwa oge, nke etinyere ya na ndụ a haziri ahazi ruo afọ 10.Mmemme ụlọ nwa oge (THP) bụ nke amara aha ya dị ka mmemme ụlọ ụlọ Emergency Factory Made (EFM).Ụkpụrụ ndị a na-ahụkarị nke Ministry of Works (MoW) mepụtara chọrọ ka akụkụ niile emebere EFM nwere ụfọdụ njirimara, gụnyere:
- Oghere ala kacha nta nke 635 square (59m2)
- Obosara kacha nke modul emebere nke 7.5 (2.3 m) iji mee ka ụgbọ njem site n'okporo ụzọ na mba ahụ dum.
- Mejuputa echiche nke MoW nke “otu ọrụ,” nke na-etinye kichin na ime ụlọ ịwụ azụ azụ iji mee ka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na ahịrị eletrik dị mfe yana ime ka nrụpụta ụlọ ọrụ dị mfe.
- Ụlọ ọrụ na-ese, na "magnolia" (odo-acha ọcha) dị ka isi agba na gloss green dị ka ewepụtụ agba.
Na 1944, Ministri Ọrụ UK mere ngosi ọha na eze na Tate Gallery dị na London nke ụdị ụlọ ise a rụchara arụ ọrụ nwa oge.
- Ihe ngosi Portal All-steel bungalow mbụ
- AIROH (Aircraft Industries Research Organisation on Housing) bungalow aluminom, nke sitere na ihe njuputa ugbo elu.
- Bungalow nke Arcon nwere nchara nwere ogwe asbestos.Emebere deign a site na ụdị Portal steel niile.
- Nhazi ụzọ abụọ ejiri osisi rụọ, Tarran na Uni-Seco
Emere ihe ngosi a na-ewu ewu ọzọ na 1945 na London.
Esemokwu ndị na-ebunye ihe mere ka mmalite nke mmemme EFM kwụsịlata.A gbahapụrụ Portal steel niile n'August 1945 n'ihi ụkọ igwe.N'etiti afọ 1946, ụkọ osisi metụtara ndị ọzọ na-emepụta prefab.Ma ụlọ AIROH na Arcon prefab chere ihu n'ichepụta ihe na-atụghị anya ya na ọnụ ahịa ihe owuwu, na-eme ka bungalow ndị a na-adịru nwa oge dị ọnụ ala karịa iji wuo karịa osisi na ụlọ brik a rụrụ.
N'okpuru mmemme ịgbazinye ego nke a mara ọkwa na February 1945, US kwetara ịnye UK bungalows arụrụ arụ ọrụ nke US wuru, nke a na-emepụta osisi a na-akpọ UK 100. Ihe mbụ e nyere bụ maka nkeji 30,000, nke emesịa wedata ya na 8,000.Nkwekọrịta mgbazinye na mgbazinye ego a bịara na njedebe n'August 1945 ka UK malitere ịkwalite mmepụta nke ụlọ ndị a rụchara arụ ọrụ.Prefab mbụ 100 UK wuru na United States rutere na ngwụcha Mee/isi mbido June 1945.
Usoro nrụgharị ụlọ nke UK mgbe agha gasịrị nwere ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma, na-ebuga ihe dị ka nde ụlọ ọhụrụ 1.2 n'etiti 1945 na 1951. N'ime oge nrụgharị a, a napụtara 156,623 ụlọ ndị a kwadoro nwa oge nke ụdị ọ bụla n'okpuru mmemme EFM, bụ nke kwụsịrị na 1949, na-enye ụlọ maka ụlọ. ihe dị ka ọkara nde mmadụ.Ihe karịrị 92,800 n'ime ndị a bụ aluminom na ígwè bungalows nwa oge.Bungalow AIROH aluminom bụ ụdị EFM kachasị ewu ewu, sochiri bungalow steel frame Arcon na osisi Uni-Seco.Na mgbakwunye, AW Hawksley na BISF wuru ihe karịrị 48,000 aluminom na-adịgide adịgide na ụlọ ndị a rụchara arụ ọrụ nchara n'oge ahụ.
N'ịtụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke aluminom mgbe agha gasịrị na ụlọ arụpụtara nchara nke e wuru na US, mmepụta aluminom na ígwè prefabs mgbe agha gasịrị na UK nwere ihe ịga nke ọma.
N'ime akụkọ 25 June 2018 na Manchester Evening News, onye edemede Chris Osuh kọrọ na, "Echere na n'etiti 6 ma ọ bụ 7,000 nke prefabs ga-eso agha ga-anọgide na UK…." Prefab Museum na-ejigide maapụ mmekọrịta jikọtara ọnụ nke ama ama. post-WW II prefab ụlọ ebe dị na UK na njikọ ndị a:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/map
Nseta ihuenyo nke eserese mmekọrịta nke Prefab Museum (gụnyere prefabs na Shetlands, nke dị n'elu nseta ihuenyo a).
Na UK, ọkwa ọkwa II pụtara na nhazi dị mkpa na mba yana mmasị pụrụ iche.Naanị ole na ole prefab ga-adịru nwa oge ka enyerela ọkwa dịka ọkwa nke Abụọ edepụtara aha:
- N'ime ala nke Phoenix steel frame bungalows wuru na 1945 na Wake Green Road, Moseley, Birmingham, 16 n'ime ụlọ iri na asaa ka enyere ọkwa ọkwa nke abụọ na 1998.
- Bungalow osisi isii Uni-Seco wuru na 1945 - 46 na Excalibur Estate, Lewisham, London ka enyere ọkwa ọkwa II na 2009. N'oge ahụ, Excalibur Estates nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu nke WW II prefabs na UK: 187 ngụkọta, nke ọtụtụ ụdị.
A na-echekwa ọtụtụ prefabs nwa oge mgbe agha gasịrị na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị na UK ma dị maka ileta.
- St. Fagans National Museum of Historyna Cardiff, South Wales: Otu AIROH B2 nke e wuru na nso Cardiff na 1947 ka etisuru wee kwaga na ebe ngosi nka nke ugbua na 1998 wee meghee ọha na eze na 2001. Ị nwere ike ịhụ AIROH B2 ebe a:https://museum.wales/stfagans/buildings/prefab/
- Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildingsna Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire: Ị nwere ike ịhụ 1946 Arcon Mk V ebe a:https://avoncroft.org.uk/avoncrofts-work/historic-buildings/
- Rural Life Living Museumna Tilford, Farnham, Surrey: Ihe ngosi ha gụnyere Arcon Mk V ebe a:https://rural-life.org.uk/explore-discover/our-exhibits/
- Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Chiltern Open Air (COAM)na Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire: Nchịkọta ha na-agụnye ogidi osisi Universal House Mark 3 prefab nke Universal Housing Company nke Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire rụpụtara.Ewubere prefab a na 1947 na Finch Lane Estate na Amersham.Ị nwere ike ịhụ "Amersham Prefab" ebe a:https://www.coam.org.uk/museum-buckinghamshire/historic-buildings/amersham-prefab/
- Imperial War Museumna Duxford, Cambridgeshire: Mkpokọta a gụnyere prefab osisi Uni-Seco nke ebugara na London:https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30084361
Echere m na Prefab Museum bụ ebe kacha mma maka ozi na UK post-WW II prefabs.Mgbe e mepụtara ya na March 2014 site n'aka Elisabeth Blanchet (onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akụkọ na UK prefabs) na Jane Hearn, Prefab Museum nwere ebe obibi ya na prefab oghere na Excalibur Estate na ndịda London.Mgbe ọkụ gbasịrị n'October 2014, ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke anụ ahụ mechiri mana ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya ịnakọta na ịdekọ ihe ncheta, foto na ncheta, nke ewepụtara na ntanetị site na webụsaịtị Prefab Museum na njikọ a:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk
Ị ga-achọta ozi ndị ọzọ n'ime akụkọ m gbasara ụlọ aluminom na ígwè arụpụtara nke ọma na UK post-WW II na njikọ ndị a:
- Portal ígwè prototype bungalows nwa oge:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Portal-steel-bungalow-converted.pdf
- Arcon steel frame bungalows nwa oge:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Arcon-steel-frame-bungalow-converted.pdf
- AIROH aluminum bungalows nwa oge:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/AIROH-aluminum-bungalow-converted.pdf
- Phoenix steel frame bungalows nwa oge:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Phoenix-steel-frame-bungalow-converted.pdf
- BISF steel frame na-adịgide adịgide ụlọ duplex:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/British-Iron-Steel-Federation-BISF-house-converted.pdf
- AW Hawksley aluminum ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/AW-Hawksley-aluminum-bungalow-converted.pdf
4. Post-WW II prefab aluminum na ígwè ụlọ na France
Na njedebe nke WW II, France, dị ka UK, nwere nnukwu ụkọ ụlọ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụlọ na ụlọ mebiri ma ọ bụ bibie n'oge afọ agha, enweghị ihe owuwu ọhụrụ n'oge ahụ, na ụkọ ihe onwunwe iji kwado ọhụrụ. ewu mgbe agha gasịrị.
Iji nyere aka belata ụfọdụ ụkọ ụlọ na 1945, Mịnịsta Mwughachi na Urbanism nke France, Jean Monnet, zụtara ụlọ 8,000 UK 100 arụgoro arụgoro nke UK nwetara n'aka US n'okpuru nkwekọrịta mgbazinye mgbazinye.E wuru ndị a na Hauts de France (nke dị nso na Belgium), Normandy na Brittany, bụ́ ebe ọtụtụ ndị ka na-eji eme ihe taa.
Ministri nke mwughari na nhazi obodo guzobere ihe achọrọ maka ụlọ nwa oge maka ndị agha chụpụrụ.N'ime ihe ngwọta mbụ a chọrọ bụ ebe obibi ndị a rụchara arụziri nke nwere mita 6 x 6 (19.6 x 19.6 ụkwụ);emesịa gbasaa ruo mita 6 × 9 (19.6 x 29.5 ụkwụ).
Ihe dị ka ụlọ 154,000 nwa oge (ndị French a na-akpọ mgbe ahụ "baraques"), n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, e wuru na France n'afọ ndị agha gasịrị, bụ isi na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ France site na Dunkirk ruo Saint-Nazaire.Ọtụtụ ndị si Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria na Canada ebubata.
Onye na-akwado isi ụlọ nke French prefabricated aluminum na steel ụlọ bụ Jean Prouvé, bụ onye nyere ihe ngwọta ọhụrụ maka "ụlọ a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa ma mesịa "wepụ" ma kwaga ebe ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa.Ngwongwo ígwè dị ka "portal frame" bụ ihe owuwu na-ebu ibu nke ụlọ ahụ, nke a na-ejikarị aluminom mee elu ụlọ, na akụkụ mpụta nke osisi, aluminom ma ọ bụ ihe mejupụtara.Emepụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a n'ogo nha nke Ministri nke mwugharị chọrọ.N'oge nleta Prouvé's Maxéville ogbako na 1949, Eugène Claudius-Petit, mgbe ahụ Minister nke Reconstruction na Urbanism, kwupụtara mkpebi ya iji gbaa ume mmepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke "ụlọ obibi ọhụrụ a tụụrụ ime (mbucha ọhụrụ)".
Taa, ọtụtụ n'ime Prouvé's demountable aluminum na steel ụlọ na-echekwara site architecture na art nnakọta Patrick Seguin (Galerie Patrick Seguin) na Éric Touchaleaume (Galerie 54 na la Friche l'Escalette).Ụlọ Iri nke Prouvé na anọ n'ime ụlọ ndị Maison coques ya wuru n'etiti 1949 - 1952 bụ ebe obibi na obere mmepe a maara dị ka.Cité"Sans souci, "n'akụkụ Paris nke Muedon.
Ebe obibi nke Prouvé nke 1954 na ogbako ogbako 1946 bughariri bu oghe nye ndi ọbịa site na ngwụcha izu nke mbụ na June rue izu ụka ikpeazụ na Septemba na Nancy, France.The Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy nwere otu n'ime nnukwu mkpokọta ọha nke ihe Prouvé mere.
Onye edemede bụ́ Elisabeth Blanchet na-akọ na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka “Mémoire de Soye jisiri ike wughachi 'baraques' atọ dị iche iche: otu UK 100, nke French na nke Canada.A na-eji ngwá ụlọ emezigharị ha site na agha na ozugbo agha agha gasịrị.Mémoire de Soye bụ naanị ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị na France ebe ị nwere ike ịga na prefabs mgbe agha gasịrị. ”Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka dị na Lorient, Brittany.Webụsaịtị ha (na French) dị ebe a:http://www.soye.org
Ị ga-achọta ozi ndị ọzọ na French post-WW II prefabricated aluminum and steel house in my article on Jean Prouvé's demountable houses at the following link:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Jean-Prouvé-demountable-houses-converted.pdf
5. N'ikpeazụ
Na United States, mmepụta nke aluminom na ụlọ nchara emechara emechabeghị mgbe agha gasịrị.Lustron bụ onye nrụpụta kacha ibu nwere ụlọ 2,498.Na UK, ihe karịrị 92,800 prefabricated aluminum na ígwè bungalows nwa oge ka e wuru dị ka akụkụ nke ọganihu ụlọ mgbe agha gasịrị nke napụtara ngụkọta nke 156,623 ụlọ nwa oge nke ụdị niile n'etiti 1945 na 1949, mgbe mmemme ahụ kwụsịrị.Na France, e wuru ọtụtụ narị ụlọ aluminom na nchara arụgoro mgbe WW II gasịrị, ebe a na-eji ọtụtụ ndị na mbụ mee ụlọ nwa oge maka ndị agha chụpụrụ.Ohere maka imepụta ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị dị otú ahụ etoliteghị na France.
Enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na US sitere n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere:
- Ọnụ ego dị elu nke dị elu iji guzobe ahịrị mmepụta ọtụtụ maka ụlọ a na-emepụta ihe, ọbụna na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe n'oge agha nke dị maka ndị na-emepụta ụlọ na ezi ego.
- Chaịnụ ọkọnọ akabeghị aka iji kwado ụlọ nrụpụta ụlọ (ya bụ, achọrọ ndị na-ebubata ihe dị iche iche karịa maka ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu mbụ).
- Ịre ahịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, nkesa na nnyefe akụrụngwa maka ụlọ arụpụtara.
- Usoro iwu ụlọ dị iche iche, nke a na-akwadoghị na mpaghara mpaghara na ihe ịchọ mma zoning guzoro n'ụzọ nke ịnọdụ na iwulite ụkpụrụ ọkọlọtọ, ụlọ ndị a na-ebu ụzọ rụọ nke ọma.
- Mmegide sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ na ndị ọrụ na-achọghị ka a hapụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ndị mmepụta ihe.
- Naanị otu onye nrụpụta, Lustron, rụpụtara ụlọ prefab n'ọnụọgụ dị ukwuu ma nwee ike irite uru na akụ na ụba nke mmepụta oke.Ndị na-emepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta n'ụdị dị nta nke na ha enweghị ike ịme mgbanwe site na mmepụta aka na mmepụta ihe.
- Ọnụ ahịa nrụpụta na-abawanye ma ọ bụ wepụ uru ọnụahịa mbụ e buru n'amụma maka ụlọ aluminom na nchara arụgoro, ọbụlagodi maka Lustron.Ha enweghị ike ịsọ mpi n'ọnụ ahịa ha na ụlọ ndị a rụrụ na mbụ.
- N'okwu Lustron, ebubo nke nrụrụ aka nke ụlọ ọrụ mere ka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego nwughari ka ọ gbapụ na mbinye ego Lustron, na-amanye ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'oge mbụ.
Site na nkuzi nke post-WW II ndị a mụtara, yana site n'inwe mmasị ọhụrụ na "obere ụlọ", ọ dị ka a ga-enwe ikpe azụmahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, nke nwere ike ịgbatị, nke nwere ọgụgụ isi maka mmepụta ọnụ ala dị ọnụ ala nke ụlọ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide arụpụtara. site na aluminom, ígwè, na/ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ.Ụlọ ndị a etinyere n'ihu nwere ike ịdị nha nke ọma, nke ọgbara ọhụrụ, mara mma, na-arụ ọrụ ike (LEED-certified), na nhazi ya ruo n'ogo ma na-asọpụrụ ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ nhazi.Ekwesịrị ime ụlọ ndị a maka imepụta ọtụtụ na ịnọdụ n'obere nza n'obodo mepere emepe na mpaghara ime obodo.Ekwenyere m na enwere nnukwu ahịa na US maka ụdị ụlọ dị ọnụ ala, ọkachasị dịka ụzọ isi dozie ụkọ ụlọ na-adịghị ala ala n'ọtụtụ obodo mepere emepe na ime obodo.Agbanyeghị, a ka nwere nnukwu ihe mgbochi a ga-emeri, ọkachasị ebe ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe owuwu nwere ike guzoro n'ụzọ yana na California, ebe ọ nweghị onye ga-achọ ụlọ a rụchara arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị n'akụkụ McMansion ha.
Ị nwere ike budata nnomi pdf nke post a, agụnyeghị akụkọ nke ọ bụla, ebe a:
https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Post-WW-II-aluminum-steel-prefab-houses-converted.pdf
6. Maka ozi ndị ọzọ
Nsogbu ụlọ na US post-WW II na ụlọ ndị a rụchara arụ ọrụ:
- Mwube n'ime afọ Agha - 1942 - 45, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ na United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 915:https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_0915_1948.pdf
- Hartley Howe, “Ụlọ Stopgap,” Sayensị Na-ewu ewu, p. 66-71, Maachị 1946:https://books.google.com/books?id=PSEDAAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
- William Remington, “Ihe mmemme ebe obibi mberede nke ndị agha ochie,” Iwu na nsogbu nke oge a, Disemba 1946:https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2295&context=lcp
- "Akụkọ ụlọ obibi mberede ndị agha agha," National Housing Agency, Office of the Housing Expediter, Vol.1, Nọmba 2 ruo 8, Julaị 1946 ruo Jenụwarị 1947, dị maka ịgụ n'ịntanetị site na Akwụkwọ Google:https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Q_jjCy0570QC&hl=en&pg=GBS.RA1-PA1
- Blaine Stubblefield, "Ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ga-eme ụlọ Aluminom maka ndị agha agha agha," Akụkọ ụgbọ elu, Vol.6, Nke 10, 2 Septemba 1946 (nke dị na akwụkwọ akụkọ Aviation Week & Space Technology online Archive)
- "Agha maka Aluminom akwụ ụgwọ site NHA," Aviation News magazin, p.22, Ọktoba 14, 1946 (dị na akwụkwọ akụkọ Izu Aviation & Space Technology n'ịntanetị)
- Ante Lee (AL) Carr, “Ntuziaka bara uru maka ụlọ etinyegoro,” Harper & Brothers, 1947, dị n'ịntanetị na ederede site na ebe nchekwa ịntanetị na njikọ ndị a:https://archive.org/stream/ALCarrApracticalguidetoprefabricatedhouses0001/ALCarrApracticalguidetoprefabricatedhouses0001_djvu.txt
- Burnham Kelly, "Mmepụta nke Ụlọ - Ọmụmụ nke Albert Farwell Bemis Foundation nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Prefabrication na United States," Technology Press nke MIT na John Wiley & Ụmụ, 1951:http://www.survivorlibrary.com/library/the_prefabrication_of_houses_1951.pdf
- “Katalọgụ nke Sistemụ Ihe Nrụpụta Ụlọ,” Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, Canada, 1960:https://dahp.wa.gov/sites/default/files/Catalogue_of_House_Building_Construction_Systems_1960_0.pdf
- Keller Easterling na Richard Prelinger, "Kpọọ ya Ụlọ: Ụlọ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Onwe Ya Wuru," Ụlọ ọrụ Voyager 1992:http://www.columbia.edu/cu/gsapp/projs/call-it-home/html/
UK post-WW II nsogbu ụlọ na ụlọ emebere ya:
- Elisabeth Blanchet, “Ụlọ Prefab,” Shire Library (Akwụkwọ 788), 21 Ọktoba 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0747813576
- Elisabeth Blanchet, “Ọnụ ụtọ nke ọma na Prefab WWII Bungalows nke Britain,” Atlas Obscure, 26 Eprel 2017:https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/excalibur-estate-prefab-homes
- Elisabeth Blanchet, Sonia Zhuravlyova, "Prefabs - akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya," England akụkọ ihe mere eme, 15 Septemba 2018, ISBN-13: 978-1848023512
- Jane Hearn, “Nchịkọta agụmakwụkwọ Prefab Museum – Post War Prefabs,” Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Prefab, 2018:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/education-pack-2
- Chris Osuh, "Nlaghachi nke prefab: Ụlọ 'flat-pack' nwere ike dozie nsogbu ụlọ Manchester?," Manchester Evening News, 25 June 2018:https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/return-prefab-could-flat-pack-14818763
- "Mma mbụ na United Kingdom," 12 Eprel 2018:https://wikiaboutdoll.blogspot.com/2018/04/prefabs-in-united-kingdom.html
- "Ọkachamma," England akụkọ ihe mere eme na Google Arts & Culture,https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/1QLyNUcHxjFSIA
- " History of Council Housing," Nkebi 3, "Nzute ụkọ ụlọ mgbe agha gasịrị," Mahadum nke West nke England, Bristol, UK:http://fet.uwe.ac.uk/conweb/house_ages/council_housing/print.htm
Nsogbu ụlọ nke France na-esote WW II na ụlọ ndị a rụchara arụ ọrụ:
- Elisabeth Blanchet, "Prefabs na France," Prefab Museum (UK), 2016:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/prefabs-in-france
- Nicole C. Rudolph, "N'ụlọ na Postwar France - Ụlọ Mass nke oge a na ikike ịkasi obi," Berghahn Monographs na French Studies (Akwụkwọ 14), Berghahn Books, March 2015, ISBN-13: 978-1782385875.Okwu mmalite nke akwụkwọ a dị na ntanetị na njikọ na-esonụ:https://berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/RudolphAt_intro.pdf
- Kenny Cupers, "The Social Project: Housing Postwar France," Mahadum nke Minnesota Press, Mee 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0816689651
Oge nzipu: Dec-12-2022